This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (16) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Jankowska, E. Articles by Edgley, S. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Jankowska, E. Articles by Edgley, S. A. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

How Can Corticospinal Tract Neurons Contribute to Ipsilateral Movements? A Question With Implications for Recovery of Motor Functions

Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden, Elzbieta.Jankowska{at}physiol.gu.se

Stephen A. Edgley

Department of Anatomy, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK

In this review, the authors discuss some recent findings that bear on the issue of recovery of function after corticospinal tract lesions. Conventionally the corticospinal tract is considered to be a crossed pathway, in keeping with the clinical findings that damage to one hemisphere, for example, in stroke, leads to a contralateral paresis and, if the lesion is large, a paralysis. However, there has been great interest in the possibility of compensatory recovery of function using the undamaged hemisphere. There are several substrates for this including ipsilaterally descending corticospinal fibers and bilaterally operating neuronal networks. Recent studies provide important evidence bearing on both of these issues. In particular, they reveal networks of neurons interconnecting two sides of the gray matter at both brainstem and spinal levels, as well as intrahemispheric transcallosal connections. These may form "detour circuits" for recovery of function, and here the authors will consider some possibilities for exploiting these networks for motor control, even though their analysis is still at an early stage.

Key Words: Pyramidal tract • Spinal cord • Interneurons • Reticular formation • Motor system

References

• Alisky JM, Swink TD, Tolbert DL. 1992. The postnatal spatial and temporal development of corticospinal projections in cats. Exp Brain Res 88:265-276.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Isa T. 2002. Premotoneuronal and direct corticomotoneuronal control in the cat and macaque monkey. Adv Exp Med Biol 508:281-297.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Isa T, Lundberg A, Pettersson LG, Tantisira B. 1989. The effect of low pyramidal lesions on forelimb movements in the cat. Neurosci Res 7:71-75.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Isa T, Tantisira B. 1991. Pyramidal excitation in long propriospinal neurones in the cervical segments of the cat. Exp Brain Res 84:569-582.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Kummel H, Pinter MJ, Tantisira B. 1987. Branching and termination of C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Neurosci Lett 74:291-296.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Lundberg A. 1992. The C3-C4 propriospinal system: target-reaching and food-taking. In: Jami L, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Zytnicki D, Jami L, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Zytnicki D, editors. Muscle afferents and spinal control of movement. Oxford, UK: Pergamon. p 327-354.
• Alstermark B, Lundberg A, Norrsell U, Sybirska E. 1981. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 9. Differential behavioural defects after spinal cord lesions interrupting defined pathways from higher centres to motoneurones. Exp Brain Res 42:299-318.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Lundberg A, Pinter M, Sasaki S. 1987a. Subpopulations and functions of long C3-C5 propriospinal neurones. Brain Res 404:395-400.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Lundberg A, Pinter M, Sasaki S. 1987b. Long C3-C5 propriospinal neurones in the cat. Brain Res 404:382-388.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Alstermark B, Pinter MJ, Sasaki S. 1985. Pyramidal effects in dorsal neck motoneurones of the cat. J Physiol 363:287-302.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Armand J, Holstege G, Kuypers HG. 1985. Differential corticospinal projections in the cat. An autoradiographic tracing study. Brain Res 343:351-355.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Armand J, Kuypers HG. 1980. Cells of origin of crossed and uncrossed corticospinal fibers in the cat: a quantitative horseradish peroxidase study. Exp Brain Res 40:23-34.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Armand J, Olivier E, Edgley SA, Lemon RN. 1997. Postnatal development of corticospinal projections from motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 17:251-266.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Bannatyne BA, Edgley SA, Hammar I, Jankowska E, Maxwell DJ. 2003. Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural inter-neurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions identified by immunocytochemistry. Eur J Neurosci 18:2273-2284.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bareyre FM, Kerschensteiner M, Raineteau O, Mettenleiter TC, Weinmann O, Schwab ME. 2004. The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats. Nat Neurosci 7:269-277.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Bawa P, Hamm JD, Dhillon P, Gross PA. 2004. Bilateral responses of upper limb muscles to transcranial magnetic stimulation in human subjects. Exp Brain Res 158:385-390.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Benecke R, Meyer BU, Freund HJ. 1991. Reorganisation of descending motor pathways in patients after hemispherectomy and severe hemispheric lesions demonstrated by magnetic brain stimulation. Exp Brain Res 83:419-426.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Canedo A, Lamas JA. 1993. Pyramidal and corticospinal synaptic effects over reticulospinal neurones in the cat. J Physiol 463: 475-489.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Caramia MD, Palmieri MG, Giacomini P, Iani C, Dally L, Silvestrini M. 2000. Ipsilateral activation of the unaffected motor cortex in patients with hemiparetic stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 111:1990-1996.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Carr LJ, Harrison LM, Evans AL, Stephens JA. 1993. Patterns of central motor reorganization in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Brain 116(Pt 5):1223-1247.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Cauraugh JH, Summers JJ. 2005. Neural plasticity and bilateral movements: a rehabilitation approach for chronic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 75:309-320.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Chen R, Cohen LG, Hallett M. 2002. Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience 111:761-773.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Davies HE, Edgley SA. 1994. Inputs to group II-activated midlumbar interneurones from descending motor pathways in the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 479:463-473.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Drew T. 1991. Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of the intact unanesthetized cat: III. Microstimulation during locomotion. J Neurophysiol 66:919-938.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Drew T, Rossignol S. 1990. Functional organization within the medullary reticular formation of intact unanesthetized cat: I. Movements evoked by microstimulation. J Neurophysiol 64:767-781.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Dum RP, Strick PL. 1991. The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J Neurosci 11:667-689.[Abstract]
• Dum RP, Strick PL. 1996. Spinal cord terminations of the medial wall motor areas in macaque monkeys. J Neurosci 16:6513-6525.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Edgley SA, Jankowska E, Hammar I. 2004. Ipsilateral actions of feline corticospinal tract neurons on limb motoneurons. J Neurosci 24:7804-7813.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Edgley SA, Jankowska E, Krutki P, Hammar I. 2003. Both dorsal horn and lamina VIII interneurones contribute to crossed reflexes from group II muscle afferents. J Physiol 552:961-974.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Eyre JA, Taylor JP, Villagra F, Smith M, Miller S. 2001. Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development. Neurology 57:1543-1554.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Feydy A, Carlier R, Roby-Brami A, Bussel B, Cazalis F, Pierot L, and others. 2002. Longitudinal study of motor recovery after stroke: recruitment and focusing of brain activation. Stroke 33:1610-1617.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Flindt-Egebak P. 1979. The corticofugal projections from the sensorimotor cortex to the spinal cord. A neuroanatomical and autoradiographical study in the cat with some methodological comments. J Hirnforsch 20:363-373.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Floeter MK, Sholomenko GN, Gossard JP, Burke RE. 1993. Disynaptic excitation from the medial longitudinal fasciculus to lumbosacral motoneurons: modulation by repetitive activation, descending pathways, and locomotion. Exp Brain Res 92:407-419.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Foltys H, Krings T, Meister IG, Sparing R, Boroojerdi B, Thron A, and others. 2003. Motor representation in patients rapidly recovering after stroke: a functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol 114:2404-2415.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Friel KM, Martin JH. 2005. Role of sensory-motor cortex activity in postnatal development of corticospinal axon terminals in the cat. J Comp Neurol 485:43-56.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Fukushima K. 1997. Corticovestibular interactions: anatomy, electrophysiology, and functional considerations. Exp Brain Res 117:1-16.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Gahery Y, Nieoullon A. 1978. Postural and kinetic coordination following cortical stimuli which induce flexion movements in the cat’s limbs. Brain Res 149:25-37.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Galea MP, Darian-Smith I. 1994. Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations, and connections. Cereb Cortex 4:166-194.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Galea MP, Darian-Smith I. 1995. Postnatal maturation of the direct corticospinal projections in the macaque monkey. Cereb Cortex 5:518-540.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Galea MP, Darian-Smith I. 1997. Corticospinal projection patterns following unilateral section of the cervical spinal cord in the newborn and juvenile macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 381:282-306.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Gorska T, Sybirska E. 1980. Effects of pyramidal lesions on forelimb movements in the cat. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 40:843-859.
• Grillner S, Hongo T, Lund S. 1970. The vestibulospinal tract. Effects on alpha-motoneurones in the lumbosacral spinal cord in the cat. Exp Brain Res 10:94-120.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Grillner S, Hongo T, Lund S. 1971. Convergent effects on alpha motoneurones from the vestibulospinal tract and a pathway descending in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Exp Brain Res 12:457-479.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Grillner S, Lund S. 1968. The origin of a descending pathway with monosynaptic action on flexor motoneurones. Acta Physiol Scand 74:274-284.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Hallett M. 2001. Functional reorganization after lesions of the human brain: studies with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Rev Neurol (Paris) 157:822-826.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Hammar I, Bannatyne BA, Maxwell DJ, Edgley SA, Jankowska E. 2004. The actions of monoamines and distribution of noradrenergic and serotoninergic contacts on different subpopulations of commissural interneurons in the cat spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 19:1305-1316.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Hansebout RR, Blight AR, Fawcett S, Reddy K. 1993. 4-Aminopyridine in chronic spinal cord injury: a controlled, double-blind, crossover study in eight patients. J Neurotrauma 10:1-18.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• He XW, Wu CP. 1985. Connections between pericruciate cortex and the medullary reticulospinal neurons in cat: an electrophysiological study. Exp Brain Res 61:109-116.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Holstege G, Kuypers HG, Boer RC. 1979. Anatomical evidence for direct brain stem projections to the somatic motoneuronal cell groups and autonomic preganglionic cell groups in cat spinal cord. Brain Res 171:329-333.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Hultborn H, Illert M, Santini M. 1976. Convergence on interneurones mediating the reciprocal Ia inhibition of motoneurones: III. Effects from supraspinal pathways. Acta Physiol Scand 96:368-391.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Illert M, Jankowska E, Lundberg A, Odutola A. 1981. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 7. Effects from the reticular formation on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Exp Brain Res 42:269-281.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Illert M, Lundberg A, Padel Y, Tanaka R. 1978. Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat: 5. Properties of and monosynaptic excitatory convergence on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Exp Brain Res 33:101-130.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Jankowska E. 1992. Interneuronal relay in spinal pathways from proprioceptors. Prog Neurobiol 38:335-378.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Jankowska E, Cabaj A, Pettersson L-G. 2005. How to enhance ipsilateral actions of pyramidal tract neurons? J Neurosci 25:7401-7405.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Jankowska E, Hammar I, Slawinska U, Maleszak K, Edgley SA. 2003. Neuronal basis of crossed actions from the reticular formation upon feline hindlimb motoneurons. J Neurosci 23:1867-1878.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Jankowska E, Lundberg A, Roberts WJ, Stuart D. 1974. A long propriospinal system with direct effect on motoneurones and on interneurones in the cat lumbosacral cord. Exp Brain Res 21:169-194.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Jankowska E, Lundberg A, Stuart D. 1973. Propriospinal control of last order interneurones of spinal reflex pathways in the cat. Brain Res 53:227-231.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kably B, Drew T. 1998a. Corticoreticular pathways in the cat: I. Projection patterns and collaterization. J Neurophysiol 80:389-405.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Kably B, Drew T. 1998b. Corticoreticular pathways in the cat: II. Discharge activity of neurons in area 4 during voluntary gait modifications. J Neurophysiol 80:406-424.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Keizer K, Kuypers HG. 1984. Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to lower brain stem reticular formation in cat. Exp Brain Res 54:107-120.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Keizer K, Kuypers HG. 1989. Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Exp Brain Res 74:311-318.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kim SH, Pohl PS, Luchies CW, Stylianou AP, Won Y. 2003. Ipsilateral deficits of targeted movements after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:719-724.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kucera P, Wiesendanger M. 1985. Do ipsilateral corticospinal fibers participate in the functional recovery following unilateral pyramidal lesions in monkeys? Brain Res 348:297-303.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Kuypers HG, Brinkman J. 1970. Precentral projections to different parts of the spinal intermediate zone in therhesus monkey. Brain Res 24:29-48.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lacroix S, Havton LA, McKay H, Yang H, Brant A, Roberts J, and others. 2004. Bilateral corticospinal projections arise from each motor cortex in the macaque monkey: a quantitative study. J Comp Neurol 473:147-161.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lawrence DG, Kuypers HG. 1968. The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey: I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain 91:1-14.[Free Full Text]
• Li Q, Martin JH. 2000. Postnatal development of differential projections from the caudal and rostral motor cortex subregions. Exp Brain Res 134:187-198.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Luccarini P, Gahery Y, Pompeiano O. 1990. Cholinoceptive pontine reticular structures modify the postural adjustments during the limb movements induced by cortical stimulation. Arch Ital Biol 128:19-45.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Lundberg A. 1979. Integration in propriospinal motor centre controlling the forelimb in the cat. In: Asanuma H, Wilson VS, Asanuma H, Wilson VS, editors. Integration in the nervous system. Tokyo: Igaru-Shoin. p 47-65.
• Maegaki Y, Maeoka Y, Seki A, Ueno M, Yamamoto T, Takeshita K. 1997. Facilitation of ipsilateral motor pathways during recovery from hemiplegia in two adolescent patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 1:79-84.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Magni F, Willis WD. 1964. Cortical control of brain stem reticular neurons. Arch Ital Biol 102:418-433.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Marque P, Felez A, Puel M, Demonet JF, Guiraud-Chaumeil B, Roques CF, and others. 1997. Impairment and recovery of left motor function in patients with right hemiplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62:77-81.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Martin JH. 2005. The corticospinal system: from development to motor control. Neuroscientist 11:161-173.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Martin JH, Kably B, Hacking A. 1999. Activity-dependent development of cortical axon terminations in the spinal cord and brain stem. Exp Brain Res 125:184-199.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Massion J. 1992. Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination. Prog Neurobiol 38:35-56.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Matsuyama K, Drew T. 1997. Organization of the projections from the pericruciate cortex to the pontomedullary brainstem of the cat: a study using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 389:617-641.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Matsuyama K, Mori F, Kuze B, Mori S. 1999. Morphology of single pontine reticulospinal axons in the lumbar enlargement of the cat: a study using the anterograde tracer PHA-L. J Comp Neurol 410:413-430.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Mazevet D, Meunier S, Pradat-Diehl P, Marchand-Pauvert V, Pierrot-Deseilligny E. 2003. Changes in propriospinally mediated excitation of upper limb motoneurons in stroke patients. Brain 126:988-1000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Mori S, Matsuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi Y, Takakusaki K. 1992. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. Brain Dev 14(Suppl): S109-S120.
• Nashmi R, Fehlings MG. 2001. Mechanisms of axonal dysfunction after spinal cord injury: with an emphasis on the role of voltage-gated potassium channels. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 38:165-191.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Nathan PW, Smith MC, Deacon P. 1990. The corticospinal tracts in man. Course and location of fibres at different segmental levels. Brain 113(Pt 2):303-324.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Netz J, Lammers T, Homberg V. 1997. Reorganization of motor output in the non-affected hemisphere after stroke. Brain 120(Pt 9):1579-1586.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Nezu A, Kimura S, Takeshita S, Tanaka M. 1999. Functional recovery in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: ipsilateral electromyographic responses to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Dev 21:162-165.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Nyberg-Hansen R. 1965. Sites and mode of termination of reticulospinal fibers in the cat. J Comp Neurol 124:71-99.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Nyberg-Hansen R. 1966. Functional organization of descending supra-spinal fibre systems to the spinal cord. Anatomical observations and physiological correlations. Ergeb Anat Entwicklungsgesch 39:3-48.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Peterson BW, Anderson ME, Filion M. 1974. Responses of pontomedullary reticular neurons to cortical, tectal and cutaneous stimuli. Exp Brain Res 21:19-44.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Porter R, Lemon RN. 1993. Corticospinal function and voluntary movement. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
• Ralston DD, Ralston HJ 3rd. 1985. The terminations of corticospinal tract axons in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 242:325-337.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rexed B. 1954. A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the spinal cord in the cat. J Comp Neurol 100:297-379.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rho MJ, Cabana T, Drew T. 1997. Organization of the projections from the pericruciate cortex to the pontomedullary reticular formation of the cat: a quantitative retrograde tracing study. J Comp Neurol 388:228-249.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Sasaki S, Isa T, Pettersson LG, Alstermark B, Naito K, Yoshimura K, and others. 2004. Dexterous finger movements in primate without monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal excitation. J Neurophysiol 92:3142-3147.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Schepens B, Drew T. 2003. Strategies for the integration of posture and movement during reaching in the cat. J Neurophysiol 90:3066-3086.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Serrien DJ, Strens LH, Cassidy MJ, Thompson AJ, Brown P. 2004. Functional significance of the ipsilateral hemisphere during movement of the affected hand after stroke. Exp Neurol 190:425-432.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Shapovalov AI. 1969. Posttetanic potentiation of monosynaptic and disynaptic actions from supraspinal structures on lumbar motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 32:948-959.[Free Full Text]
• Shapovalov AI, Gurevitch NR. 1970. Monosynaptic and disynaptic reticulospinal actions on lumbar motoneurons of the rat. Brain Res 21:249-263.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Staudt M, Gerloff C, Grodd W, Holthausen H, Niemann G, Krageloh-Mann I. 2004. Reorganization in congenital hemiparesis acquired at different gestational ages. Ann Neurol 56:854-863.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Staudt M, Grodd W, Gerloff C, Erb M, Stitz J, Krageloh-Mann I. 2002. Two types of ipsilateral reorganization in congenital hemiparesis: a TMS and fMRI study. Brain 125:2222-2237.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Stinear JW, Byblow WD. 2004. The contribution of cervical proprio-spinal premotoneurons in recovering hemiparetic stroke patients. J Clin Neurophysiol 21:426-434.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Takakusaki K, Kohyama J, Matsuyama K, Mori S. 2001. Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating the generalized motor inhibition in cats: parallel inhibitory mechanisms acting on motoneurons and on interneuronal transmission in reflex pathways. Neuroscience 103:511-527.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Takakusaki K, Ohta Y, Mori S. 1989. Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles. Exp Brain Res 74:11-23.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Theriault E, Tatton WG. 1989. Postnatal redistribution of pericruciate motor cortical projections within the kitten spinal cord. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 45:219-237.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Thickbroom GW, Byrnes ML, Archer SA, Nagarajan L, Mastaglia FL. 2001. Differences in sensory and motor cortical organization following brain injury early in life. Ann Neurol 49:320-327.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Turton A, Wroe S, Trepte N, Fraser C, Lemon RN. 1996. Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 101:316-328.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Ugolini G, Kuypers HG. 1986. Collaterals of corticospinal and pyramidal fibres to the pontine grey demonstrated by a new application of the fluorescent fibre labelling technique. Brain Res 365:211-227.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Wassermann EM, Fuhr P, Cohen LG, Hallett M. 1991. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on ipsilateral muscles. Neurology 41:1795-1799.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Weidner N, Ner A, Salimi N, Tuszynski MH. 2001. Spontaneous corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after adult central nervous system injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:3513-3518.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Whishaw IQ, Gorny B, Sarna J. 1998. Paw and limb use in skilled and spontaneous reaching after pyramidal tract, red nucleus and combined lesions in the rat: behavioral and anatomical dissociations. Behav Brain Res 93:167-183.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Wilson VJ, Yoshida M. 1969. Comparison of effects of stimulation of Deiters’ nucleus and medial longitudinal fasciculus on neck, fore-limb, and hindlimb motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 32:743-758.[Free Full Text]
• Wilson VJ, Zarzecki P, Schor RH, Isu N, Rose PK, Sato H, and others. 1999. Cortical influences on the vestibular nuclei of the cat. Exp Brain Res 125:1-13.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Woolsey CN, Erickson TC, Gilson WE. 1979. Localization in somatic sensory and motor areas of human cerebral cortex as determined by direct recording of evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. J Neurosurg 51:476-506.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Yarosh CA, Hoffman DS, Strick PL. 2004. Deficits in movements of the wrist ipsilateral to a stroke in hemiparetic subjects. J Neurophysiol 92:3276-3285.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Yelnik A, Bonan I, Debray M, Lo E, Gelbert F, Bussel B. 1996. Changes in the execution of a complex manual task after ipsilateral ischemic cerebral hemispheric stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77:806-810.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

The Neuroscientist, Vol. 12, No. 1, 67-79 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/1073858405283392


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Tretriluxana, J. Gordon, B. E. Fisher, and C. J. Winstein Hemisphere Specific Impairments in Reach-to-Grasp Control After Stroke: Effects of Object Size Neurorehabil Neural Repair, September 1, 2009; 23(7): 679 - 691. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Yakovenko and T. Drew A Motor Cortical Contribution to the Anticipatory Postural Adjustments That Precede Reaching in the Cat J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2009; 102(2): 853 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Brus-Ramer, J. B. Carmel, and J. H. Martin Motor Cortex Bilateral Motor Representation Depends on Subcortical and Interhemispheric Interactions J. Neurosci., May 13, 2009; 29(19): 6196 - 6206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chakrabarty, K. M. Friel, and J. H. Martin Activity-Dependent Plasticity Improves M1 Motor Representation and Corticospinal Tract Connectivity J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2009; 101(3): 1283 - 1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Askim, B. Indredavik, T. Vangberg, and A. Haberg Motor Network Changes Associated With Successful Motor Skill Relearning After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Longitudinal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Neurorehabil Neural Repair, March 1, 2009; 23(3): 295 - 304. [Abstract] [PDF]

				I. Salimi, K. M. Friel, and J. H. Martin Pyramidal Tract Stimulation Restores Normal Corticospinal Tract Connections and Visuomotor Skill after Early Postnatal Motor Cortex Activity Blockade J. Neurosci., July 16, 2008; 28(29): 7426 - 7434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O Noskin, J W Krakauer, R M Lazar, J R Festa, C Handy, K A O'Brien, and R S Marshall Ipsilateral motor dysfunction from unilateral stroke: implications for the functional neuroanatomy of hemiparesis J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, April 1, 2008; 79(4): 401 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Stecina, E. Jankowska, A. Cabaj, L.-G. Pettersson, B. A. Bannatyne, and D. J. Maxwell Premotor interneurones contributing to actions of feline pyramidal tract neurones on ipsilateral hindlimb motoneurones J. Physiol., January 15, 2008; 586(2): 557 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Bleyenheuft, C. B. Grandin, G. Cosnard, E. Olivier, and J.-L. Thonnard Corticospinal Dysgenesis and Upper-Limb Deficits in Congenital Hemiplegia: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(6): e1502 - e1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Friel and J. H. Martin Bilateral Activity-Dependent Interactions in the Developing Corticospinal System J. Neurosci., October 10, 2007; 27(41): 11083 - 11090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Stecina and E. Jankowska Uncrossed actions of feline corticospinal tract neurones on hindlimb motoneurones evoked via ipsilaterally descending pathways J. Physiol., April 1, 2007; 580(1): 119 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Jankowska and K. Stecina Uncrossed actions of feline corticospinal tract neurones on lumbar interneurones evoked via ipsilaterally descending pathways J. Physiol., April 1, 2007; 580(1): 133 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Request Permissions Request Reprints Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (16) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Jankowska, E. Articles by Edgley, S. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Jankowska, E. Articles by Edgley, S. A. Social Bookmarking                         What's this?